Aligning cost and carbon goals in policy-constrained hydrogen refueling systems
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT, cilt.370, sa.1, ss.122063-122080, 2026 (Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 370 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.122063
- Dergi Adı: ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Applied Science & Technology Source, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Scopus, Compendex, Environment Index, INSPEC
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.122063-122080
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Hydrogen refueling systems (HRSs) are a strategic component of low-carbon transport, yet their planning remains sensitive to the interaction between energy prices, carbon policy, renewable-energy accounting, and storage operation. This study develops a high-resolution techno-economic optimization framework for a photovoltaic (PV)–grid-supported HRS in which electrolyzer capacity, hydrogen storage, PV capacity, battery energy storage system (BESS) capacity, and daily electrolyzer operating hours are co-optimized under hourly energy-balance, peak-grid-share, renewable-share, and carbon-pricing constraints. The main optimization is formulated as a constrained single-objective cost-minimization problem, while CO2 emissions, self-sufficiency, self-consumption, and curtailment are evaluated as policy-relevant performance indicators. To explicitly characterize the cost-emission compromise, an additional carbon-shadow-price frontier analysis is introduced as a Pareto-candidate exploration. The baseline cost-minimizing design achieves an levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of approximately 8.09–8.10 $/kg but remains strongly dependent on grid electricity, leading to grid-related emissions of about 2.4 ktCO2/yr. Renewable-share sensitivity results show that, for the Istanbul case study and the assumed demand, cost, tariff, and grid-emission conditions, a 60%–70% renewable-share range provides a relatively balanced compromise between emissions reduction and cost escalation. Carbon taxation alone in the range of 25–100 $/tCO2 mainly increases LCOH, with less than 4% emission reduction, whereas tariff reform combined with carbon pricing substantially increases PV/BESS deployment and reduces emissions by more than 55%, albeit with higher LCOH and curtailment. Repeated-run algorithmic benchmarks further show that the Bayesian-tuned adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) provides slightly lower mean objective values and lower dispersion than standard PSO under a comparable computational budget. These findings highlight that reducing the carbon footprint of hydrogen refueling systems requires more than carbon pricing alone. Meaningful emission reductions are achieved only when carbon policy is accompanied by electricity-market conditions and system designs that encourage greater renewable-energy utilization and storage integration.