Physics-Informed Optimal Placement of Receivers for Indoor Localization via IQ Snapshots
IEEE Access, cilt.14, ss.91506-91520, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 14
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1109/access.2026.3703747
- Dergi Adı: IEEE Access
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.91506-91520
- Anahtar Kelimeler: angle of arrival, conventional beamforming, genetic algorithm, in-phase/quadrature snapshots, Indoor localization, receiver placement, wall penetration loss
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Indoor Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) localization performance is affected not only by the signal-processing algorithm but also by the placement of receivers with respect to walls, obstacles, and material-dependent propagation effects. In practical deployments, manually selected receiver locations may lead to redundant hardware, weak geometric diversity, and increased localization error. This paper presents a simulation-driven, physics-informed framework for optimizing the placement of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) AoA receivers equipped with a 4\times 4 Uniform Rectangular Array (URA). The proposed framework synthesizes in-phase/quadrature (IQ) snapshots under free-space, wall-aware, and reflection-aware propagation regimes, using wall thickness information and material-dependent parameters based on International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R P.2040). Receiver subsets are selected by genetic algorithm using a beamforming-derived fitness function defined as the ratio of cumulative local received-power variance to mean received power over transmitter test points. The simulator is evaluated by comparing synthetic and measured IQ snapshots processed with the same Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) estimator, showing consistent dominant pseudo-spectrum behavior under line-of-sight, obstructed, and reflection-affected conditions. The optimized layouts are then compared with a corner-based manual baseline in two office environments under −5 dB and + 5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. The results show that the optimized placements consistently reduce fitness values and positioning errors. The observed positive correlation between the proposed fitness value and root mean square error (RMSE) further supports its use as a practical surrogate objective for receiver-placement optimization. These results indicate that physics-informed IQ snapshot synthesis can support more reliable and practical AoA receiver placement in complex indoor environments.