Green hydrogen production by an improved photoelectrochemical process with Ga-doped ZnO photoanodes on stainless steel substrates
Surface and Coatings Technology, cilt.522, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 522
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2026.133180
- Dergi Adı: Surface and Coatings Technology
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Dip-coating technique, Efficiency, Ga-doped ZnO, Green hydrogen production, Nanoparticles, Photoanodes, Photoelectrochemical water splitting, Sustainable development
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study analyzes hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting methods for Ga-doped ZnO electrodes coated on stainless steel. Physical electrochemistry, electrochemical impedance, hydrogen production, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses are performed on uncoated, undoped ZnO-coated, and Ga-doped ZnO-coated electrodes. The parameters of the best-coated electrode obtained by chronoamperometry (CA) analysis are as follows: the electrode is immersed in a dip-coating bath for 4 s, is coated five times, and has a doping ratio of 1%. The Tafel slope obtained from the Tafel graph of the 1% Ga-doped ZnO electrode is 0.15 V/dec, and the change in current density is 1.05 × 10−7 A/cm2. According to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data, the solution resistance (Rs), polarization resistance (Rp), and constant phase element (CPE) of the 1% Ga-doped ZnO electrode are 0.4862 Ω·cm2, 0.0785 Ω·cm2, and 2.031 × 10−3 Ω−1·s·cm−2, respectively. The slope value obtained from the Mott–Schottky graph is also 3.45 × 10−4. The hydrogen production rate obtained from CA analysis over a half-hour period is 6 ml/cm2. The energy efficiency is 2.3%, the exergy efficiency is 2.36%, and the applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) is 0.75%. This study demonstrates higher hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and overall efficiency than comparable studies in the literature. This study is the first in the literature to illustrate the dip-coating of Ga-doped ZnO electrodes onto stainless steel, the optimization of coating number and duration parameters, and the reporting of direct hydrogen production quantities. Thus, the study fills a gap in the literature in terms of both methodological innovation and performance, offering an applicable and scalable approach for sustainable hydrogen production.