The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO2 emission, and energy consumption
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, vol.24, no.5, pp.4625-4636, 2017 (SCI-Expanded)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 24 Issue: 5
- Publication Date: 2017
- Doi Number: 10.1007/s11356-016-8158-z
- Journal Name: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
- Page Numbers: pp.4625-4636
- Yıldız Technical University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
This paper examines the long-run and the causal relationship among CO2 emissions, militarization, economic growth, and energy consumption for USA for the period 1960-2013. Using the bound test approach to cointegration, a short-run as well as a long-run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between CO2 emissions and militarization was found. To determine the causal link, MWALD and Rao's F tests were applied. According to Rao's F tests, the evidence of a unidirectional causality running from militarization to CO2 emissions, from energy consumption to CO2 emissions, and from militarization to energy consumption all without a feedback was found. Further, the results determined that 26% of the forecast-error variance of CO2 emissions was explained by the forecast error variance of militarization and 60% by energy consumption.