The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO2 emission, and energy consumption
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, cilt.24, sa.5, ss.4625-4636, 2017 (SCI-Expanded)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 24 Sayı: 5
- Basım Tarihi: 2017
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11356-016-8158-z
- Dergi Adı: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.4625-4636
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This paper examines the long-run and the causal relationship among CO2 emissions, militarization, economic growth, and energy consumption for USA for the period 1960-2013. Using the bound test approach to cointegration, a short-run as well as a long-run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between CO2 emissions and militarization was found. To determine the causal link, MWALD and Rao's F tests were applied. According to Rao's F tests, the evidence of a unidirectional causality running from militarization to CO2 emissions, from energy consumption to CO2 emissions, and from militarization to energy consumption all without a feedback was found. Further, the results determined that 26% of the forecast-error variance of CO2 emissions was explained by the forecast error variance of militarization and 60% by energy consumption.