Adjuvant choice shapes macrophage activation and cytokine responses to freeze–thaw breast cancer antigens
BMC Research Notes, cilt.19, sa.1, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 19 Sayı: 1
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1186/s13104-026-07840-4
- Dergi Adı: BMC Research Notes
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus, BIOSIS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Zoological Record, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Biological Science Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Adjuvants, Breast cancer, Cancer vaccines, Immunotherapy, Tumor antigens
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Objective: To investigate how different adjuvants influence macrophage activation induced by freeze–thaw whole-cell lysates prepared from two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), we evaluated the effects of alum and saponin in J774 macrophages by assessing cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, and cytokine responses. Results: Freeze–thaw breast cancer antigens (FTBA) triggered macrophage responses in a dose-dependent manner, with 40 µg/mL providing a suitable balance between activation and viability. When combined with adjuvants, FTBA + alum maintained higher macrophage viability compared with FTBA + saponin. Alum-adjuvanted FTBA induced stronger NO production than saponin-adjuvanted formulations. Cytokine profiling showed that alum-adjuvanted FTBA induced the strongest cytokine responses overall, with fold-increases in IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and GM-CSF observed for both antigen sources. Overall, alum enhanced macrophage activation with lower cytotoxicity than saponin, indicating that adjuvant selection significantly modulates innate immune responses to freeze–thaw tumor antigens.