Investigation on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Marble Stone Calcined Clay Cement (MC3 ) Using Various Low-Carbon Materials
4th International Conference on Sustainable Building Materials, Eindhoven, Hollanda, 10 - 13 Ağustos 2025, cilt.1, ss.209, (Özet Bildiri)
- Yayın Türü: Bildiri / Özet Bildiri
- Cilt numarası: 1
- Basıldığı Şehir: Eindhoven
- Basıldığı Ülke: Hollanda
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.209
- Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
As the most widely used building material in the world, cement is not only responsible for a significant portion of global carbon emissions, but also causes high energy consumption in the production process. Therefore, both the amount of CO2 released and the energy consumption in the production process of cement are among the main factors threating the environmental sustainability. Therefore, researches to develop cementitious systems with a low carbon footprint are becoming increasingly important. The cement industry is focusing on supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in order to both fulfill the growing demand and minimize environmental impacts. Yet, it is not solely enough to provide environmental aspects; the material produced must also provide satisfactory performance and fulfill the current standards in terms of mechanical properties, workability and durability. In this context, limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), an advanced ternary binder system that consists of a combination of limestone, calcined clay and gypsum, is emerging as an important alternative in the cement industry. Limestone, calcined clay and gypsum used in LC3 applications can replace about 50% of the clinker, resulting in a significant reduction of CO2 emissions during cement production. Instead of limestone, which is used as calcareous material (CaCO3) in LC3 applications, an alternative system using marble stone dust was designed in this study, which has a remarkable reserve in Türkiye. This system is called marble stone calcined clay cement (MC3). Türkiye has approximately 40% of the world's marble reserves and a large amount of waste marble dust is generated during marble production and processing. This waste material offers an important recycling opportunity and stands out as a promising material that can contribute to reducing environmental impacts and developing sustainable building materials. This study investigated the use of reactive MgO (r-MgO) and red mud with the aim of providing a more sustainable alternative with lower clinker utilization and better mechanical and durability properties for MC3 systems. R-MgO has the CO2 sequestration ability and can contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. On the other hand, red mud is an iron-rich alkaline waste generated during the processing of bauxite ore. The objective of this study is to develop alternative binder systems that reduce clinker utilization to even less than 50% by substituting these two waste materials with cement, both together and separately. Different mixtures containing r-MgO and red mud in the range of 5-20% for each were designed and various tests were carried out on these mixtures. The experimental studies have been conducted to investigate the flow diameter, setting time and workability properties of the MC3 mixtures in the fresh state. The performance in the hardened state was evaluated in terms of mechanical strength (compressive and flexural strength), physical properties (porosity) and durability aspects (carbonation depth and drying shrinkage). The results obtained were compared with both a reference OPC blend and a MC3 blend in line with standard LC3 blends commonly used in the literature. The results revealed that 10% r-MgO substitution improved the mechanical properties, but the consistency was negatively affected when the substitution rate was increased to 20%. It was also observed that the combination of both r-MgO and red mud significantly improved the durability properties.